What’s Going On is a concept album with most of its songs segueing into the next and has been categorized as a song cycle. The narrative established by the songs is told from the point of view of a Vietnam veteran returning to his home country to witness hatred, suffering, and injustice. Gaye’s introspective lyrics explore themes of drug abuse, poverty, and the Vietnam War. He has also been credited with promoting awareness of ecological issues before the public outcry over them had become prominent.

The album was an immediate commercial and critical success, and came to be viewed by music historians as a classic of 1970s soul. In 2001, a deluxe edition of the album was released, featuring a recording of Gaye’s May 1972 concert at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. Broad-ranging surveys of critics, musicians, and the general public have shown that What’s Going On is regarded as one of the greatest albums of all time and a landmark recording in popular music.  In 2020, it was ranked number one on Rolling Stones list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.

Release and promotion

Released on May 21, 1971, What’s Going On became Gaye’s first album to reach the Billboard Top LPs top ten, peaking at number six, and staying on the chart for over a year, selling over two million copies, within twelve months after its release, becoming Motown’s and Gaye’s best-selling album to that date until he released Let’s Get It On in 1973. It also became Gaye’s second number-one album on Billboards Soul LPs chart, where it stayed for nine weeks as well as staying inside the Billboard Soul LPs chart for a record breaking 58 weeks throughout 1971 and 1972. The title track, which had been released in January 1971 as the lead single to promote the album, sold over 200,000 copies within its first week and eventually two-and-a-half-million units by the end of the year.[16] It spent several weeks at number-two on the Billboard Hot 100 behind Three Dog Night‘s “Joy to the World“, and spent five weeks at number one on the Soul Singles chart between March 27 and April 24, 1971.

The follow-up single, “Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology)“, peaked at number-four on the Hot 100, and also went number-one on the R&B chart. The third, and final, single, “Inner City Blues (Make Me Wanna Holler)“, peaked at number-nine on the Hot 100, while also rising to number-one on the R&B chart, thus making Gaye the first male solo artist to place three top ten singles on the Hot 100 off one album, as well as the first artist to place three singles at number-one on any Billboard chart (in this case, R&B), off one single album. The album had a modest commercial reception in countries such as Canada and the United Kingdom; “Save the Children” reached number 41 on the latter country’s singles chart, while the album reached number 56 twenty-five years after its original release. In 1984, the album re-entered the Billboard 200 following Gaye’s untimely death. In 1994, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in the United States for sales of half a million copies after it was issued on CD. On July 22, 2013. According to Soundscan, it has since sold in excess of 1.6 million copies since sales tracking began in 1991. Furthermore, the album was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry for shipments of 300,000 albums.

Six months after the release of What’s Going On, Sly and the Family Stone released There’s a Riot Goin’ On (1971), titled in response to Gaye’s album.

Critical reception

Professional ratings
Review scores
Source Rating
AllMusic
5/5 stars
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[24]
Chicago Tribune
4/4 stars
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[25]
Christgau’s Record Guide B+[26]
MusicHound R&B 5/5[27]
The Observer
5/5 stars
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[28]
Rolling Stone
4/5 stars
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[29]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide
5/5 stars
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[30]
Slant Magazine
4/5 stars
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[31]
Sputnikmusic 3/5[32]
The Village Voice B[33]

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What’s Going On was generally well received by contemporary critics. Writing for Rolling Stone in 1971, Vince Aletti praised Gaye’s thematic approach towards social and political concerns, while discussing the surprise of Motown releasing such an album. In a joint review of What’s Going On and Stevie Wonder‘s Where I’m Coming From, Aletti wrote, “Ambitious, personal albums may be a glut on the market elsewhere, but at Motown they’re something new … the album as a whole takes precedence, absorbing its own flaws. There are very few performers who could carry a project like this off. I’ve always admired Marvin Gaye, but I didn’t expect that he would be one of them. Guess I seriously underestimated him. It won’t happen again.”  Billboard described the record as “a cross between Curtis Mayfield and that old Motown spell and outdoes anything Gaye’s ever done”. Time magazine hailed it as a “vast, melodically deft symphonic pop suite”.[36] Village Voice critic Robert Christgau was less impressed. Writing in Christgau’s Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), he deemed it both a “groundbreaking personal statement” and a Berry Gordy product, baited by three highly original singles but marred elsewhere by indistinct music and indulgent use of David Van De Pitte’s strings, which Christgau called “the lowest kind of movie-background dreck”.

According to Paul Gambaccini, Gaye’s death in 1984 prompted a critical re-evaluation of the album, and most reviewers have since regarded it as an important masterpiece of popular music. In MusicHound R&B (1998), Gary Graff said What’s Going On was “not just a great Gaye album but is one of the great pop albums of all time”, and Rolling Stone later credited the album for having “revolutionized black music”.  The Washington Post critic Geoffrey Himes names it an exemplary release of the progressive soul development from 1968 to 1973,  and Pitchforks Tom Breihan calls it a prog-soul masterpiece.  BBC Music‘s David Katz described the album as “one of the greatest albums of all time, and nothing short of a masterpiece” and compared it to Miles DavisKind of Blue by saying “its non-standard musical arrangements, which heralded a new sound at the time, gives it a chilling edge that ultimately underscores its gravity, with subtle orchestral enhancements offset by percolating congas, expertly layered above James Jamerson’s bubbling bass”.  In his 1994 review of Gaye’s re-issues, Chicago Tribune reviewer Greg Kot described the album as “soul music’s first ‘art’ album, an inner-city response to the Celtic mysticism of Van Morrison‘s Astral Weeks, the psychedelic pop of The BeatlesSgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band [and] the rewired blues of Bob Dylan‘s Highway 61 Revisited.” Richie Unterberger found the album somewhat overrated, writing in The Rough Guide to Rock (2003) that much of its “meandering introspection” paled in comparison to its three singles.

A remastered deluxe edition with 28 additional tracks was released on May 31, 2011, to similar acclaim. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 100, based on ten reviews.

Accolades

In 1985, writers on British music weekly the NME voted it best album of all time.  In 2004, the album’s title track was ranked number four on Rolling Stones list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time A 1999 critics’ poll conducted by British newspaper The Guardian named it the “Greatest Album of the 20th Century”. In 1997, What’s Going On was named the 17th greatest album of all time in a poll conducted in the United Kingdom by HMV Group, Channel 4, The Guardian and Classic FM. In 1997, The Guardian ranked the album number one on its list of the 100 Best Albums Ever. In 1998 Q magazine readers placed it at number 97, while in 2001 the TV network VH1 placed it at number 4. In 2003, it was one of 50 recordings chosen that year by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry. What’s Going On was ranked number 6 on Rolling Stone magazine’s 2003 list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, one of three Gaye albums to be included, succeeded by 1973’s Let’s Get It On (number 165) and 1978’s Here, My Dear (number 462). The album is Gaye’s highest-ranking entry on the list, as well as several other publications’ lists. In a revised 2020 list, this time voted on by musicians instead of music critics, the album moved up to the top spot, replacing The Beatles’ Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band.

Publication Country Accolade Year Rank
Bill Shapiro United States The Top 100 Rock Compact Discs 1991 *
Jimmy Guteman The Best Rock ‘n’ Roll Records of All Time 1992 *
Chris Smith 101 Albums That Changed Popular Music 2009 *
Elvis Costello (Vanity Fair, Issue No. 483) 500 Albums You Need 2005 *
Chuck Eddy The Accidental Evolution of Rock’n’Roll 1997 *
Consequence of Sound Top 100 Albums Ever 2010 19
Vibe 100 Essential Albums of the 20th Century 1999 *
Dave Marsh & Kevin Stein The 40 Best of Album Chartmakers by Year 1981 7
USA Today Top 40 Albums of All Time 2003 *
Gear The 100 Greatest Albums of the Century 1999 2
Life Dozen Discs That Shook the World 2005 *
Pitchfork Top 100 Albums of the 1970s 2004 49
Rolling Stone The Essential 200 Rock Records 1997 *
Rolling Stone The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time 2003 6
Rolling Stone The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time 2020 1
Spin 15 Most Influential Albums Not By Beatles, Stones, Dylan or Elvis 2003 *
The Recording Academy Grammy Hall of Fame Albums and Songs 1998 *
Kitsap Sun Top 200 Albums of the Last 40 Years 2005 32
Robert Dimery 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die 2005 *
Time Top 100 Albums of All Time 2006 *
Paul Gambaccini The World Critics Best Albums of All Time 1987 4
Gary Pig Gold Canada The 40 Most Influential Records of the 20th Century 1999 *
The Guardian United Kingdom 1000 Albums to Hear Before You Die 2007 *
The Guardian The 100 Best Albums Ever 1997 1
Melody Maker All Time Top 100 Albums 2000 24
Mojo The 100 Greatest Albums Ever Made 1995 6
Mojo The 100 Records That Changed the World 2007 63
NME All Times Top 100 Albums 1985 1
NME All Times Top 100 Albums + Top 50 by Decade 1993 4
NME Top 100 Albums of All Time 2003 27
Q The 50 Best Albums of the 70s 1998 20
Q The Ultimate Music Collection 2005 *
Sounds The 100 Best Albums of All Time 1986 15
The New Nation Top 100 Albums by Black Artists 2005 1
Paul Gambaccini The World Critics Best Albums of All Time 1977 106
Paul Gambaccini The World Critics Best Albums of All Time 1987 4
The Observer 50 Albums That Changed Music 1956–2006 2006 6
The Times The 100 Best Albums of All Time 1993 49
Times Online The 20 Most Influential Albums 2008 17
Vox 100 Records that Shook the World 1991 *
Hot Press Ireland The 100 Best Albums of All Time 1989 23
Hot Press The 100 Best Albums Ever 2003 41
Adresseavisen Norway The 100 (+23) Best Albums of All Time 1995 4
Aftenposten Top 50 Albums of All Time 1999 3
Dagbladet The Best Albums of the Century 1999 *
Eggen & Kartvedt The Guide to the 100 Important Rock Albums 1999 *
Panorama The 30 Best Albums of the Year 1970–98 1999 2
Platekompaniet Top 100 Albums of All Time 2001 12
Tor Milde The 100 Best Pop and Rock Albums of All Time 2004 2
Expressen Sweden The 100 Best Records Ever 1999 8
Slitz The 50 Best Albums of All Time 1990 13
Pop The World’s 100 Best Albums + 300 Complements 1994 14
Soundi Finland The 50 Best Albums of All Time + Top 10 by Decade 1995 4
OOR Netherlands The Best Albums of the 70s 1979 19
OOR The 100 Best Albums of All Time 2007 5
VPRO 299 Nominations of the Best Album of All Time 2006 *
Musik Express/Sounds Germany The 100 Masterpieces 1993 22
Spex The 100 Albums of the Century 1999 6
Sounds The 50 Best Albums of the 1970s 2009 1
Volume France 200 Records that Changed the World 2008 *
RockDelux Spain The 100 Best Albums of the 1970s 1988 1
RockDelux The 200 Best Albums of All Time 2002 2
Alternative Melbourne Australia The Top 100 Rock/Pop Albums 1996 67
The Courier-Mail 50 Defining Rock Albums 2005 5

Awards and honors

The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducted him in 1987, declaring that Gaye “made a huge contribution to soul music in general and the Motown Sound in particular”. The page stated that Gaye “possessed a classic R&B voice that was edged with grit yet tempered with sweetness”. The page further states that Gaye “projected an air of soulful authority driven by fervid conviction and heartbroken vulnerability”. A year after his death, then-mayor of D.C., Marion Barry declared April 2 as “Marvin Gaye Jr. Memorial Scholarship Fund Day” in the city. Since then, a non-profit organization has helped to organize annual Marvin Gaye Day Celebrations in the city of Washington.

A year later, Gaye’s mother founded the Marvin P. Gaye Jr. Memorial Foundation in dedication to her son to help those suffering from drug abuse and alcoholism; however she died a day before the memorial was set to open in 1987. Gaye’s sister Jeanne once served as the foundation’s chairperson. In 1988, a year after his Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction, Gaye was inducted posthumously to the NAACP Hall of Fame. In 1990, Gaye received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 1996, Gaye posthumously received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame listed three Gaye recordings, “I Heard It Through the Grapevine”, “What’s Going On” and “Sexual Healing”, among its list of the 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll. American music magazine Rolling Stone ranked Gaye No. 18 on their list of the “100 Greatest Artists of All Time”, sixth on their list of “100 Greatest Singers of All Time” and number 82 on their list of the “100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time”.[140] Q magazine ranked Gaye sixth on their list of the “100 Greatest Singers”.

Three of Gaye’s albums – What’s Going On (1971), Let’s Get It On (1973), and Here, My Dear (1978) – were ranked by Rolling Stone on their list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. What’s Going On remains his largest-ranked album, reaching No. 6 on the Rolling Stone list and topped the NME list of the Top 100 Albums of All Time in 1985 and was later chosen in 2003 for inclusion by the Library of Congress to its National Recording Registry. In a revised 2020 Rolling Stone list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, What’s Going On was listed as the greatest album of all time. In addition, four of his songs – “I Heard It Through the Grapevine”, “What’s Going On”, “Let’s Get It On” and “Sexual Healing” – made it on the Rolling Stone list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.

In 2005, Marvin Gaye was voted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame.

Karen Bass and Gaye’s family at the dedication of the Marvin Gaye Post Office in Los Angeles in 2019.

In 2006, Watts Branch Park, a park in Washington that Gaye frequented as a teenager, was renamed Marvin Gaye Park. Three years later, the 5200 block of Foote Street NE in Deanwood, Washington, D.C., was renamed Marvin Gaye Way. In August 2014, Gaye was inducted to the official Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in its second class. In October 2015, the Songwriters Hall of Fame announced Gaye as a nominee for induction to the Hall’s 2016 class after posthumous nominations were included.  Gaye was named as a posthumous inductee to that hall on March 2, 2016.[150][151] Gaye was subsequently inducted to the Songwriters Hall on June 9, 2016.  In July 2018, a bill by California politician Karen Bass to rename a post office in South Los Angeles after Gaye was signed into law by President Donald Trump